diff --git a/application/editormode.cpp b/application/editormode.cpp
index 952697fa..8b31acf4 100644
--- a/application/editormode.cpp
+++ b/application/editormode.cpp
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ editor_mode::editor_mode() {
 		std::string reason;
 		if (Node->from_template() || false == scene::Layers.editable(Node, &reason))
 		{
-			ui()->set_status(format(STR_C("\"%s\" can't be edited: %s"), (Node->name().empty() ? std::string{STR_C("(no name)")} : Node->name()).c_str(), reason.c_str()), true);
+			ui()->set_status(format(STR_C("\"%s\" can't be edited: %s"), name_of(*Node).c_str(), reason.c_str()), true);
 			return;
 		}
 		m_track_window_open = false;
@@ -6594,7 +6594,7 @@ void editor_mode::on_mouse_button(int const Button, int const Action, int const
                         }
                         else if (node->from_template() || false == scene::Layers.editable(node, &reason))
                         {
-                            ui()->set_status(format(STR_C("\"%s\" can't be edited: %s"), (node->name().empty() ? std::string{STR_C("(no name)")} : node->name()).c_str(), reason.c_str()), true);
+                            ui()->set_status(format(STR_C("\"%s\" can't be edited: %s"), name_of(*node).c_str(), reason.c_str()), true);
                             node = nullptr;
                         }
                     }
diff --git a/application/editormodedigitize.cpp b/application/editormodedigitize.cpp
index 9eb5f83e..99ea6d26 100644
--- a/application/editormodedigitize.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodedigitize.cpp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
 #include "stdafx.h"
 #include "application/editormode.h"
+#include "application/editormodeshared.h"
 #include "application/editoruilayer.h"
 #include "editor/editorAlignmentStore.hpp"
 #include "editor/editorConnections.hpp"
@@ -328,7 +329,7 @@ void editor_mode::digitize_crossovers(digitize_report &Report, bool const Write)
 		if (spacing < kSpacingLeast || spacing > kSpacingMost)
 			continue;
 		++Report.crossovers;
-		auto const name = [](TTrack const *Track) { return Track->name().empty() ? STR("(no name)") : Track->name(); };
+		auto const name = [](TTrack const *Track) { return name_of(*Track); };
 		auto const note = [&](std::string const &Why) { Report.notes.push_back(name(first) + " + " + name(second) + ": " + Why); };
 		if (false == switch_store::connections(*first).empty())
 		{
diff --git a/application/editormodeinfra.cpp b/application/editormodeinfra.cpp
index 2644d07c..b8bdfd2e 100644
--- a/application/editormodeinfra.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodeinfra.cpp
@@ -134,13 +134,6 @@ struct include_place
 	std::string category; // of the description of the template
 };
 
-bool numeric(std::string const &Text, double &Value)
-{
-	char *end{nullptr};
-	Value = std::strtod(Text.c_str(), &end);
-	return false == Text.empty() && *end == '\0';
-}
-
 bool include_place_of(scene::instance_handle const Instance, include_place &Place)
 {
 	if (false == scene::Layers.tracked(Instance))
diff --git a/application/editormodejoints.cpp b/application/editormodejoints.cpp
index a9afd279..6b135db1 100644
--- a/application/editormodejoints.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodejoints.cpp
@@ -137,11 +137,9 @@ ImU32 kind_colour(kind const Kind)
 	}
 }
 
-std::string name_of(TTrack const *Track)
+std::string label_of(TTrack const *Track)
 {
-	if (Track == nullptr)
-		return "-";
-	return Track->name().empty() ? STR("(no name)") : Track->name();
+	return Track == nullptr ? std::string{"-"} : ::name_of(*Track);
 }
 
 } // namespace
@@ -538,7 +536,7 @@ void joints_tool::render_options()
 	{
 		ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_Button, ImGui::ColorConvertU32ToFloat4(family_colour(2, 0.55f)));
 		ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_ButtonHovered, ImGui::ColorConvertU32ToFloat4(family_colour(2, 0.75f)));
-		if (ImGui::Button(STR_C("Check"), ImVec2(-1.0f, std::round(ImGui::GetFrameHeight() * 1.3f))))
+		if (ImGui::Button(STR_C("Check"), ImVec2(-1.0f, tall_button_height())))
 			joints_start();
 		ImGui::PopStyleColor(2);
 		item_tooltip("Finds the gaps between the ends of the tracks, the steps, the kinks and the jumps of the cant and of the grade");
@@ -632,9 +630,9 @@ void joints_tool::render_options()
 			ImGui::NextColumn();
 			ImGui::TextUnformatted(issue.fixed ? STR_C("fixed") : value_text(issue).c_str());
 			ImGui::NextColumn();
-			ImGui::TextUnformatted(name_of(issue.track).c_str());
+			ImGui::TextUnformatted(label_of(issue.track).c_str());
 			ImGui::NextColumn();
-			ImGui::TextUnformatted(name_of(issue.other).c_str());
+			ImGui::TextUnformatted(label_of(issue.other).c_str());
 			ImGui::NextColumn();
 		}
 	ImGui::Columns(1);
@@ -642,7 +640,7 @@ void joints_tool::render_options()
 	if (chosen)
 	{
 		auto &issue{state.issues[state.selected]};
-		ImGui::Text("%s %s: %s / %s", STR_C(kind_name(issue.type)), value_text(issue).c_str(), name_of(issue.track).c_str(), name_of(issue.other).c_str());
+		ImGui::Text("%s %s: %s / %s", STR_C(kind_name(issue.type)), value_text(issue).c_str(), label_of(issue.track).c_str(), label_of(issue.other).c_str());
 		if (false == issue.fixed && issue.type != kind::open && issue.type != kind::model && ImGui::Button(STR_C("Fix this one")))
 			joints_fix({state.selected});
 	}
diff --git a/application/editormodelay.cpp b/application/editormodelay.cpp
index f6cbb46b..45cf586d 100644
--- a/application/editormodelay.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodelay.cpp
@@ -1159,7 +1159,7 @@ glm::dvec3 editor_mode::lay_angle_snap(glm::dvec3 const &Mouse, std::string &Lab
 						ratio = n;
 					}
 				}
-		auto const name{axis->name().empty() ? std::string{STR_C("(no name)")} : axis->name()};
+		auto const name{name_of(*axis)};
 		auto const degrees{glm::degrees(std::abs(std::remainder(angle, glm::pi<double>())))};
 		Label = ratio > 0.0 ? format(STR_C("1:%g to %s"), ratio, name.c_str()) : degrees < 0.1 ? format(STR_C("parallel to %s"), name.c_str()) : format(STR_C("%.0f deg to %s"), degrees, name.c_str());
 	}
diff --git a/application/editormodelineside.cpp b/application/editormodelineside.cpp
index 56e93528..61073625 100644
--- a/application/editormodelineside.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodelineside.cpp
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ namespace
 
 using geometry::bezier;
 using geometry::plan_distance;
+using geometry::heading_of;
 using geometry::plan_of;
 
 double const kSampleStep{2.0}; // m between the samples of the line
@@ -47,19 +48,6 @@ int const kRailCategory{1};
 char const *const kHektoStyles[] = {"nowy", "stary", "zgnity"};
 char const *const kFoulingModels[] = {"ip/pkp/w17.inc", "ip/pkp/w17_new.inc", "ip/pkp/w17_old.inc", "ip/pkp/w17_dwuteo.inc"};
 
-std::string normalized(std::string Text)
-{
-	std::transform(Text.begin(), Text.end(), Text.begin(), [](unsigned char const Character) { return static_cast<char>(Character == '\\' ? '/' : std::tolower(Character)); });
-	return Text;
-}
-
-bool numeric(std::string const &Text, double &Value)
-{
-	char *end{nullptr};
-	Value = std::strtod(Text.c_str(), &end);
-	return false == Text.empty() && *end == '\0';
-}
-
 std::string number(double const Value, int const Decimals)
 {
 	auto text{format("%.*f", Decimals, Value)};
@@ -68,12 +56,6 @@ std::string number(double const Value, int const Decimals)
 	return text;
 }
 
-double heading_of(glm::dvec2 const &Direction)
-{
-	auto const degrees{glm::degrees(std::atan2(Direction.x, Direction.y))};
-	return degrees < 0.0 ? degrees + 360.0 : degrees;
-}
-
 // index of the sample at or before the chainage
 std::size_t sample_index(std::vector<editor_track::route_sample> const &Samples, double const Chainage)
 {
@@ -238,7 +220,7 @@ std::vector<editor_mode::standing_template> editor_mode::standing_templates(std:
 		auto const &included{scene::Layers.instance(handle)};
 		if (included.removed || included.dead || included.file == nullptr)
 			continue;
-		auto const file{normalized(*included.file)};
+		auto const file{editor_includes::normalized(*included.file)};
 		if (false == Accept(file) || included.context.rotation != glm::vec3{0.f} || included.context.scale != glm::vec3{1.f})
 			continue;
 		std::string target;
@@ -649,11 +631,8 @@ void hekto_tool::render_options()
 		                  tool.posts.empty() ? "-" : km_text(std::max(tool.posts.front().hectometres, tool.posts.back().hectometres)).c_str(), tool.found.size(), static_cast<int>(wrong));
 	if (missing > 0)
 	{
-		ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_Button, ImVec4(0.2f, 0.55f, 0.25f, 1.0f));
-		ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_ButtonHovered, ImVec4(0.25f, 0.65f, 0.3f, 1.0f));
-		if (ImGui::Button(format(STR_P("Place %d post", "Place %d posts", static_cast<long long>(missing)), static_cast<int>(missing)).c_str(), ImVec2(-1.0f, std::round(ImGui::GetFrameHeight() * 1.3f))))
+		if (main_button(format(STR_P("Place %d post", "Place %d posts", static_cast<long long>(missing)), static_cast<int>(missing)).c_str(), ImVec2(-1.0f, tall_button_height())))
 			hekto_place();
-		ImGui::PopStyleColor(2);
 	}
 	if (duplicates > 0)
 	{
@@ -938,14 +917,11 @@ void fouling_tool::render_options()
 		ImGui::TextWrapped("%s", tool.status.c_str());
 		auto const missing{std::count_if(tool.points.begin(), tool.points.end(), [](fouling_point const &Point) { return Point.standing < 0; })};
 		auto const wrong{std::count_if(tool.found.begin(), tool.found.end(), [](fouling_found const &Found) { return Found.wrong; })};
-		auto const tall{std::round(ImGui::GetFrameHeight() * 1.3f)};
+		auto const tall{tall_button_height()};
 		if (missing > 0)
 		{
-			ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_Button, ImVec4(0.2f, 0.55f, 0.25f, 1.0f));
-			ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_ButtonHovered, ImVec4(0.25f, 0.65f, 0.3f, 1.0f));
-			if (ImGui::Button(format(STR_P("Place %d marker", "Place %d markers", static_cast<long long>(missing)), static_cast<int>(missing)).c_str(), ImVec2(-1.0f, tall)))
+			if (main_button(format(STR_P("Place %d marker", "Place %d markers", static_cast<long long>(missing)), static_cast<int>(missing)).c_str(), ImVec2(-1.0f, tall)))
 				place();
-			ImGui::PopStyleColor(2);
 		}
 		if (wrong > 0)
 		{
@@ -1069,14 +1045,7 @@ editor_selftest_result hekto_tool::selftest(std::string const &Command, std::ist
 {
 	if (Command == "hekto")
 	{
-		std::map<std::string, std::string> values;
-		std::string pair;
-		while (Words >> pair)
-		{
-			auto const equals{pair.find('=')};
-			if (equals != std::string::npos)
-				values[pair.substr(0, equals)] = pair.substr(equals + 1);
-		}
+		auto values{selftest_values(Words)};
 		auto *track{simulation::Paths.find(values["track"])};
 		if (track == nullptr)
 		{
@@ -1135,14 +1104,7 @@ editor_selftest_result fouling_tool::selftest(std::string const &Command, std::i
 {
 	if (Command == "fouling")
 	{
-		std::map<std::string, std::string> values;
-		std::string pair;
-		while (Words >> pair)
-		{
-			auto const equals{pair.find('=')};
-			if (equals != std::string::npos)
-				values[pair.substr(0, equals)] = pair.substr(equals + 1);
-		}
+		auto values{selftest_values(Words)};
 		auto &tool{m_fouling};
 		if (values["show"] == "1")
 		{
diff --git a/application/editormodeparallel.cpp b/application/editormodeparallel.cpp
index f5ac7c5d..9253d51f 100644
--- a/application/editormodeparallel.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodeparallel.cpp
@@ -122,11 +122,6 @@ bool side_picker(int &Side, double const Spacing)
 	return changed;
 }
 
-std::string name_of(TTrack const &Track)
-{
-	return Track.name().empty() ? STR("(no name)") : Track.name();
-}
-
 segment_data reversed(segment_data const &Path)
 {
 	segment_data result{Path};
@@ -416,11 +411,8 @@ void parallel_tool::render_options()
 	}
 	else if (false == tool.pieces.empty())
 	{
-		ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_Button, ImVec4(0.2f, 0.55f, 0.25f, 1.0f));
-		ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_ButtonHovered, ImVec4(0.25f, 0.65f, 0.3f, 1.0f));
-		if (ImGui::Button(format(STR_P("Lay %zu track, %.1f m", "Lay %zu tracks, %.1f m", static_cast<long long>(tool.pieces.size())), tool.pieces.size(), tool.length).c_str(), ImVec2(-1.0f, std::round(ImGui::GetFrameHeight() * 1.3f))))
+		if (main_button(format(STR_P("Lay %zu track, %.1f m", "Lay %zu tracks, %.1f m", static_cast<long long>(tool.pieces.size())), tool.pieces.size(), tool.length).c_str(), ImVec2(-1.0f, tall_button_height())))
 			parallel_build();
-		ImGui::PopStyleColor(2);
 		item_tooltip("A new track beside the one selected, as in the preview; the selected stays as it is. Ctrl+Z takes it back");
 	}
 	if (false == tool.status.empty())
diff --git a/application/editormodeprofile.cpp b/application/editormodeprofile.cpp
index cc076c1e..75df8b70 100644
--- a/application/editormodeprofile.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodeprofile.cpp
@@ -1493,7 +1493,7 @@ void editor_mode::profile_apply(bool const Terrain)
 	state.status = format(STR_P("Grade line applied: %zu path changed, %zu added, largest departure %.3f m", "Grade line applied: %zu paths changed, %zu added, largest departure %.3f m", changed), changed, added, state.departure);
 	if (false == scene::Layers.empty())
 		state.status += STR_C("\nThe paths and the design (//$p lines) go to the scenery files on save");
-	auto const name = [](TTrack const *Track) { return Track->name().empty() ? std::string{STR_C("(no name)")} : Track->name(); };
+	auto const name = [](TTrack const *Track) { return name_of(*Track); };
 	auto const closed{std::count_if(gaps.begin(), gaps.end(), [](auto const &Gap) { return Gap.closed; })};
 	if (closed > 0)
 		state.status += STR_C("\nPaths off the route brought to its height:");
diff --git a/application/editormoderoute.cpp b/application/editormoderoute.cpp
index fc46f264..c1c651fd 100644
--- a/application/editormoderoute.cpp
+++ b/application/editormoderoute.cpp
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ int editor_mode::digitize_parts(editor_track::chain const &Chain, std::string *R
 	if (count == 1)
 	{
 		++Skipped;
-		reason = (Chain.tracks.front()->name().empty() ? std::string{STR_C("(no name)")} : Chain.tracks.front()->name()) + ": " + reason;
+		reason = name_of(*Chain.tracks.front()) + ": " + reason;
 		WriteLog("Editor: digitizing - " + reason, logtype::generic);
 		if (Reason != nullptr && Reason->empty())
 			*Reason = reason;
@@ -805,7 +805,7 @@ bool editor_mode::route_relay_through_switches(editor_track::chain const &Chain,
 {
 	auto &route{m_route};
 	auto const &result{route.result};
-	auto const name = [](TTrack const *Track) { return Track->name().empty() ? std::string{STR_C("(no name)")} : Track->name(); };
+	auto const name = [](TTrack const *Track) { return name_of(*Track); };
 	auto const plan = [](glm::dvec3 const &Vector) { return glm::normalize(plan_of(Vector)); };
 	struct placement
 	{
@@ -1657,14 +1657,11 @@ void editor_mode::render_route_result()
 
 	if (result.valid)
 	{
-		ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_Button, ImVec4(0.2f, 0.55f, 0.25f, 1.0f));
-		ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_ButtonHovered, ImVec4(0.25f, 0.65f, 0.3f, 1.0f));
-		if (ImGui::Button(STR_C("Apply to the scenery"), ImVec2(-1.0f, 28.0f)))
+		if (main_button(STR_C("Apply to the scenery"), ImVec2(-1.0f, 28.0f)))
 		{
 			route_apply();
 			first_step_done(first_step::plan_apply);
 		}
-		ImGui::PopStyleColor(2);
 	}
 	else
 	{
diff --git a/application/editormodeselection.cpp b/application/editormodeselection.cpp
index 732bd721..42d3d5d5 100644
--- a/application/editormodeselection.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodeselection.cpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
 #include "stdafx.h"
 #include "application/editormode.h"
+#include "application/editormodeshared.h"
 #include "application/editoruilayer.h"
 #include "application/editorprojection.h"
 #include "editor/editorFormat.hpp"
@@ -271,7 +272,7 @@ void editor_mode::group_selection()
 		{
 			if (reason.empty())
 				reason = STR("it's a part of a scenery template");
-			ui()->set_status(format(STR_C("\"%s\" can't be grouped: %s"), node->name().empty() ? STR_C("(no name)") : node->name().c_str(), reason.c_str()), true);
+			ui()->set_status(format(STR_C("\"%s\" can't be grouped: %s"), name_of(*node).c_str(), reason.c_str()), true);
 			return;
 		}
 	}
@@ -334,7 +335,7 @@ void editor_mode::render_context_menu()
 	if (count > 1)
 		ImGui::TextDisabled(STR_C("%zu models selected"), count);
 	else if (selected)
-		ImGui::TextDisabled("%s", m_node->name().empty() ? STR_C("(no name)") : m_node->name().c_str());
+		ImGui::TextDisabled("%s", name_of(*m_node).c_str());
 	else
 		ImGui::TextDisabled("%s", STR_C("Nothing selected"));
 	ImGui::Separator();
diff --git a/application/editormodeselftestsignal.cpp b/application/editormodeselftestsignal.cpp
index dac9c63d..fe64c7ef 100644
--- a/application/editormodeselftestsignal.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodeselftestsignal.cpp
@@ -52,14 +52,7 @@ editor_mode::selftest_result editor_mode::selftest_signal(std::string const &com
 {
 	if (command == "signal" || command == "signalmove" || command == "signaldelete" || command == "signalrename" || command == "signalprobe")
 	{
-		std::map<std::string, std::string> values;
-		std::string pair;
-		while (words >> pair)
-		{
-			auto const equals{pair.find('=')};
-			if (equals != std::string::npos)
-				values[pair.substr(0, equals)] = pair.substr(equals + 1);
-		}
+		auto values{selftest_values(words)};
 		show_track_tab(track_tab::signals);
 		signal_scan();
 		signal_refresh(true);
diff --git a/application/editormodeselftestsweep.cpp b/application/editormodeselftestsweep.cpp
index 38289631..2524246e 100644
--- a/application/editormodeselftestsweep.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodeselftestsweep.cpp
@@ -52,14 +52,7 @@ editor_mode::selftest_result editor_mode::selftest_sweep(std::string const &comm
 {
 	if (command == "sweep")
 	{
-		std::map<std::string, std::string> values;
-		std::string pair;
-		while (words >> pair)
-		{
-			auto const equals{pair.find('=')};
-			if (equals != std::string::npos)
-				values[pair.substr(0, equals)] = pair.substr(equals + 1);
-		}
+		auto values{selftest_values(words)};
 		auto &tool{m_sweep};
 		auto const get = [&](char const *Key, std::string const &Default) { auto const found{values.find(Key)}; return found != values.end() ? found->second : Default; };
 		tool.edited = nullptr;
@@ -158,14 +151,7 @@ editor_mode::selftest_result editor_mode::selftest_sweep(std::string const &comm
 	}
 	if (command == "bend" || command == "bendset")
 	{
-		std::map<std::string, std::string> values;
-		std::string pair;
-		while (words >> pair)
-		{
-			auto const equals{pair.find('=')};
-			if (equals != std::string::npos)
-				values[pair.substr(0, equals)] = pair.substr(equals + 1);
-		}
+		auto values{selftest_values(words)};
 		auto const vector = [](std::string Text) {
 			std::replace(Text.begin(), Text.end(), ',', ' ');
 			std::istringstream numbers(Text);
diff --git a/application/editormodeshared.h b/application/editormodeshared.h
index 149a4a09..0041e34a 100644
--- a/application/editormodeshared.h
+++ b/application/editormodeshared.h
@@ -24,6 +24,25 @@ http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
 float constexpr kDragPixels{5.0f};
 
+template <typename Node_> inline std::string name_of(Node_ const &Node)
+{
+	return Node.name().empty() ? std::string{STR_C("(no name)")} : Node.name();
+}
+
+inline float tall_button_height()
+{
+	return std::round(ImGui::GetFrameHeight() * 1.3f);
+}
+
+inline bool main_button(char const *Label, ImVec2 const &Size)
+{
+	ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_Button, ImVec4(0.2f, 0.55f, 0.25f, 1.0f));
+	ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_ButtonHovered, ImVec4(0.25f, 0.65f, 0.3f, 1.0f));
+	auto const pressed{ImGui::Button(Label, Size)};
+	ImGui::PopStyleColor(2);
+	return pressed;
+}
+
 inline void item_tooltip(char const *Text)
 {
 	if (ImGui::IsItemHovered())
diff --git a/application/editormodesignal.cpp b/application/editormodesignal.cpp
index 0156c914..e9d04354 100644
--- a/application/editormodesignal.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodesignal.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ namespace
 {
 
 using geometry::bezier;
+using geometry::heading_of;
 using geometry::plan_of;
 
 double const kRailTop{0.18};
@@ -58,12 +59,6 @@ int kind_index(std::string const &Kind)
 	return -1;
 }
 
-std::string lower(std::string Text)
-{
-	std::transform(Text.begin(), Text.end(), Text.begin(), [](unsigned char const Character) { return static_cast<char>(std::tolower(Character)); });
-	return Text;
-}
-
 double nearest_on(TTrack const &Track, int const Path, glm::dvec3 const &Point)
 {
 	bezier const curve{Track.m_paths[Path]};
@@ -93,12 +88,6 @@ glm::dvec2 right_of(glm::dvec2 const &Direction)
 	return {-Direction.y, Direction.x};
 }
 
-double heading_of(glm::dvec2 const &Direction)
-{
-	auto const degrees{glm::degrees(std::atan2(Direction.x, Direction.y))};
-	return degrees < 0.0 ? degrees + 360.0 : degrees;
-}
-
 int lean_wanted(int const Side)
 {
 	return Side > 0 ? 1 : 2;
@@ -159,7 +148,7 @@ std::vector<std::string> const &plate_textures()
 		std::string stem;
 		try
 		{
-			stem = lower(file->path().stem().string());
+			stem = ToLower(file->path().stem().string());
 		}
 		catch (std::exception const &)
 		{
@@ -177,7 +166,7 @@ std::string plate_for(std::string const &Plate, std::string const &Name)
 	if (false == Plate.empty())
 		return Plate;
 	auto const &plates{plate_textures()};
-	auto const name{lower(Name)};
+	auto const name{ToLower(Name)};
 	return std::binary_search(plates.begin(), plates.end(), name) ? name : std::string{"0_nothing"};
 }
 
@@ -304,7 +293,7 @@ editor_mode::signal_template const *editor_mode::signal_armed() const
 
 editor_mode::signal_template const *editor_mode::signal_template_of(std::string const &File) const
 {
-	auto const file{lower(File)};
+	auto const file{ToLower(File)};
 	for (auto const &item : m_signal.templates)
 		if (item.file == file)
 			return &item;
@@ -350,7 +339,7 @@ std::string editor_mode::signal_intent_label(signal_template const &Template, si
 	if (Template.read.empty())
 		return format(STR_C("Click: %s %s (%s)%s, the train doesn't read it"), STR(kKindLabels[kind_index(Template.kind)]).c_str(), name.c_str(), variant.c_str(), where.c_str()) + "\n" + STR("Drag along: the trains it faces run the way of the drag");
 	auto const event{editor_includes::substitute(Template.read, {name})};
-	auto const path{Spot.track->name().empty() ? std::string{STR("(no name)")} : Spot.track->name()};
+	auto const path{name_of(*Spot.track)};
 	return format(STR_C("Click: %s %s (%s)%s, read by %s %s of %s"), STR(kKindLabels[kind_index(Template.kind)]).c_str(), name.c_str(), variant.c_str(), where.c_str(), editor_track::event_keyword(Spot.list), event.c_str(), path.c_str()) + "\n" + STR("Drag along: the trains it faces run the way of the drag");
 }
 
@@ -376,7 +365,7 @@ void editor_mode::signal_refresh(bool const Force)
 		for (int list = 0; list < 6; ++list)
 			for (auto const &event : editor_track::events(*track, list))
 				if (false == event.first.empty())
-					readers.emplace(lower(event.first), std::make_pair(track, list));
+					readers.emplace(ToLower(event.first), std::make_pair(track, list));
 	}
 	for (auto const &include : found)
 	{
@@ -388,7 +377,7 @@ void editor_mode::signal_refresh(bool const Force)
 		if (false == item->read.empty())
 		{
 			standing.read = editor_includes::substitute(item->read, include.values);
-			if (auto const reader{readers.find(lower(standing.read))}; reader != readers.end())
+			if (auto const reader{readers.find(ToLower(standing.read))}; reader != readers.end())
 			{
 				standing.track = reader->second.first;
 				standing.list = reader->second.second;
@@ -564,7 +553,7 @@ void editor_mode::signal_release()
 		signal_detach_events(found->read, states);
 		if (std::none_of(states.begin(), states.end(), [&](auto const &State) { return State.first == spot.track; }))
 			states.emplace_back(spot.track, editor_track::capture(*spot.track));
-		editor_track::events(*spot.track, spot.list).emplace_back(lower(found->read), nullptr);
+		editor_track::events(*spot.track, spot.list).emplace_back(ToLower(found->read), nullptr);
 		std::string missing;
 		editor_track::bind_events(*spot.track, missing);
 		spot.track->mark_dirty();
@@ -585,7 +574,7 @@ void editor_mode::signal_release()
 		m_history.back().directives.emplace_back(found->include.instance, std::move(before));
 	}
 	tool.status = found->read.empty() ? format(STR_C("Signal %s moved, Ctrl+Z takes it back"), found->name.c_str())
-	                                  : format(STR_C("Signal %s moved, read by %s %s of %s, Ctrl+Z takes it back"), found->name.c_str(), editor_track::event_keyword(spot.list), found->read.c_str(), spot.track->name().empty() ? STR_C("(no name)") : spot.track->name().c_str());
+	                                  : format(STR_C("Signal %s moved, read by %s %s of %s, Ctrl+Z takes it back"), found->name.c_str(), editor_track::event_keyword(spot.list), found->read.c_str(), name_of(*spot.track).c_str());
 	auto const instance{found->include.instance};
 	signal_refresh(true);
 	signal_select(instance);
@@ -639,7 +628,7 @@ bool editor_mode::signal_place(signal_spot const &Spot, signal_template const &T
 	}
 	signal_refresh(true);
 	auto const taken = [&](std::string const &Name) {
-		return std::any_of(tool.standing.begin(), tool.standing.end(), [&](signal_standing const &Standing) { return lower(Standing.name) == lower(Name); });
+		return std::any_of(tool.standing.begin(), tool.standing.end(), [&](signal_standing const &Standing) { return ToLower(Standing.name) == ToLower(Name); });
 	};
 	for (int guard = 0; taken(name) && guard < 1000; ++guard)
 		name = signal_next_name(name);
@@ -663,7 +652,7 @@ bool editor_mode::signal_place(signal_spot const &Spot, signal_template const &T
 	auto const instance{m_history.back().instances.front()};
 	auto const *placed{signal_template_of(file)};
 	auto const read{placed != nullptr && false == placed->read.empty() ? editor_includes::substitute(placed->read, {name}) : std::string{}};
-	auto const path{Spot.track->name().empty() ? std::string{STR("(no name)")} : Spot.track->name()};
+	auto const path{name_of(*Spot.track)};
 	std::string reason;
 	if (read.empty())
 		tool.status = format(STR_C("Signal %s placed (%s), the train doesn't read it, Ctrl+Z takes it back"), name.c_str(), file.c_str());
@@ -676,7 +665,7 @@ bool editor_mode::signal_place(signal_spot const &Spot, signal_template const &T
 		auto snap{std::move(m_history.back())};
 		m_history.pop_back();
 		auto const before{editor_track::capture(*Spot.track)};
-		editor_track::events(*Spot.track, Spot.list).emplace_back(lower(read), nullptr);
+		editor_track::events(*Spot.track, Spot.list).emplace_back(ToLower(read), nullptr);
 		std::string missing;
 		editor_track::bind_events(*Spot.track, missing);
 		Spot.track->mark_dirty();
@@ -693,7 +682,7 @@ bool editor_mode::signal_place(signal_spot const &Spot, signal_template const &T
 
 void editor_mode::signal_detach_events(std::string const &Read, std::vector<std::pair<TTrack *, editor_track::state>> &States)
 {
-	auto const name{lower(Read)};
+	auto const name{ToLower(Read)};
 	for (auto *track : simulation::Paths.sequence())
 	{
 		if (track == nullptr || track->m_editorremoved)
@@ -701,7 +690,7 @@ void editor_mode::signal_detach_events(std::string const &Read, std::vector<std:
 		bool carries{false};
 		for (int list = 0; list < 6 && false == carries; ++list)
 			for (auto const &event : editor_track::events(*track, list))
-				carries = carries || lower(event.first) == name;
+				carries = carries || ToLower(event.first) == name;
 		if (false == carries)
 			continue;
 		if (std::none_of(States.begin(), States.end(), [&](auto const &State) { return State.first == track; }))
@@ -709,7 +698,7 @@ void editor_mode::signal_detach_events(std::string const &Read, std::vector<std:
 		for (int list = 0; list < 6; ++list)
 		{
 			auto &events{editor_track::events(*track, list)};
-			events.erase(std::remove_if(events.begin(), events.end(), [&](auto const &Event) { return lower(Event.first) == name; }), events.end());
+			events.erase(std::remove_if(events.begin(), events.end(), [&](auto const &Event) { return ToLower(Event.first) == name; }), events.end());
 		}
 		std::string missing;
 		editor_track::bind_events(*track, missing);
@@ -747,7 +736,7 @@ bool editor_mode::signal_delete(scene::instance_handle const Instance)
 
 void editor_mode::signal_renamed(std::string const &Before, std::string const &After, EditorSnapshot &Snapshot)
 {
-	auto const name{lower(Before)};
+	auto const name{ToLower(Before)};
 	for (auto *track : simulation::Paths.sequence())
 	{
 		if (track == nullptr || track->m_editorremoved)
@@ -755,15 +744,15 @@ void editor_mode::signal_renamed(std::string const &Before, std::string const &A
 		bool carries{false};
 		for (int list = 0; list < 6 && false == carries; ++list)
 			for (auto const &event : editor_track::events(*track, list))
-				carries = carries || lower(event.first) == name;
+				carries = carries || ToLower(event.first) == name;
 		if (false == carries)
 			continue;
 		if (std::none_of(Snapshot.tracks.begin(), Snapshot.tracks.end(), [&](auto const &State) { return State.first == track; }))
 			Snapshot.tracks.emplace_back(track, editor_track::capture(*track));
 		for (int list = 0; list < 6; ++list)
 			for (auto &event : editor_track::events(*track, list))
-				if (lower(event.first) == name)
-					event = {lower(After), nullptr};
+				if (ToLower(event.first) == name)
+					event = {ToLower(After), nullptr};
 		std::string missing;
 		editor_track::bind_events(*track, missing);
 		track->mark_dirty();
@@ -790,7 +779,7 @@ void editor_mode::render_signal_palette()
 	auto &tool{m_signal};
 	ImGui::SetNextItemWidth(-1.0f);
 	ImGui::InputTextWithHint("##signalfilter", STR_C("filter: name, w24, sbl..."), tool.filter, sizeof(tool.filter));
-	auto const filter{lower(tool.filter)};
+	auto const filter{ToLower(tool.filter)};
 	auto const *armed{signal_armed()};
 	std::vector<std::vector<int>> groups;
 	std::vector<std::string> keys;
@@ -799,7 +788,7 @@ void editor_mode::render_signal_palette()
 		auto const &item{tool.templates[i]};
 		if (item.kind != kKinds[tool.kind])
 			continue;
-		if (false == filter.empty() && item.name.find(filter) == std::string::npos && lower(item.description).find(filter) == std::string::npos)
+		if (false == filter.empty() && item.name.find(filter) == std::string::npos && ToLower(item.description).find(filter) == std::string::npos)
 			continue;
 		auto const key{group_of(item.mount, item.lamps)};
 		auto const found{std::find(keys.begin(), keys.end(), key)};
@@ -897,7 +886,7 @@ void editor_mode::render_signal_selected()
 	if (found->read.empty())
 		ImGui::TextDisabled("%s", STR_C("The train doesn't read it"));
 	else if (found->track != nullptr)
-		ImGui::TextDisabled(STR_C("Read by %s %s of %s"), editor_track::event_keyword(found->list), found->read.c_str(), found->track->name().empty() ? STR_C("(no name)") : found->track->name().c_str());
+		ImGui::TextDisabled(STR_C("Read by %s %s of %s"), editor_track::event_keyword(found->list), found->read.c_str(), name_of(*found->track).c_str());
 	else
 		ImGui::TextColored(ImVec4(1.0f, 0.5f, 0.3f, 1.0f), STR_C("No path has %s among its events: the train doesn't see it"), found->read.c_str());
 }
@@ -954,7 +943,7 @@ void editor_mode::render_signal_ui()
 				if (ImGui::IsItemHovered())
 					ImGui::SetTooltip("%s", STR_C("Texture of the plate from textures/tabl, e.g. a-12 or tob. Left empty: the one named like the signal, if there is one"));
 				auto const &plates{plate_textures()};
-				auto const typed{lower(tool.plate)};
+				auto const typed{ToLower(tool.plate)};
 				auto const exists{typed.empty() || std::binary_search(plates.begin(), plates.end(), typed)};
 				if (false == exists)
 					ImGui::TextColored(ImVec4(1.0f, 0.5f, 0.3f, 1.0f), "%s", STR_C("no such texture"));
@@ -987,7 +976,7 @@ void editor_mode::render_signal_ui()
 		if (missing)
 		{
 			auto const &plates{plate_textures()};
-			auto const typed{lower(tool.plate)};
+			auto const typed{ToLower(tool.plate)};
 			int shown{0};
 			for (auto const &plate : plates)
 			{
diff --git a/application/editormodespeed.cpp b/application/editormodespeed.cpp
index c033d9cd..8927886b 100644
--- a/application/editormodespeed.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodespeed.cpp
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ void speed_tool::render_options()
 	{
 		ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_Button, ImGui::ColorConvertU32ToFloat4(family_colour(2, 0.55f)));
 		ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_ButtonHovered, ImGui::ColorConvertU32ToFloat4(family_colour(2, 0.75f)));
-		if (ImGui::Button(STR_C("Check"), ImVec2(-1.0f, std::round(ImGui::GetFrameHeight() * 1.3f))))
+		if (ImGui::Button(STR_C("Check"), ImVec2(-1.0f, tall_button_height())))
 			speed_start();
 		ImGui::PopStyleColor(2);
 		item_tooltip("Looks at the radius and the cant, the cant ramps, the curves without the transitions and the switch branches");
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ void speed_tool::render_options()
 			bool const violated{verdict.violated(state.options)};
 			bool const bad{violated || verdict.warned(state.options)};
 			auto const colour{violated ? ImVec4(1.0f, 0.45f, 0.4f, 1.0f) : ImVec4(1.0f, 0.75f, 0.3f, 1.0f)};
-			auto name{verdict.track->name().empty() ? STR("(no name)") : verdict.track->name()};
+			auto name{name_of(*verdict.track)};
 			if (verdict.track->eType == tt_Switch)
 				name += verdict.path == 0 ? STR_C(" (main)") : STR_C(" (branch)");
 			if (bad)
diff --git a/application/editormodesweep.cpp b/application/editormodesweep.cpp
index 5fe783a6..e430e619 100644
--- a/application/editormodesweep.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodesweep.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #include "simulation/simulation.h"
 #include "utilities/Globals.h"
 #include "utilities/Logs.h"
+#include "utilities/utilities.h"
 #include "world/Sweep.h"
 #include "model/AnimModel.h"
 #include "world/Track.h"
@@ -126,12 +127,6 @@ bool same_piece(segment_data const &A, segment_data const &B)
 	return std::abs(A.rolls[0] - B.rolls[0]) < 1e-3f && std::abs(A.rolls[1] - B.rolls[1]) < 1e-3f;
 }
 
-std::string lower(std::string Text)
-{
-	std::transform(Text.begin(), Text.end(), Text.begin(), [](unsigned char const Character) { return static_cast<char>(std::tolower(Character)); });
-	return Text;
-}
-
 } // namespace
 
 void editor_mode::sweep_scan_models()
@@ -153,7 +148,7 @@ void editor_mode::sweep_scan_models()
 			std::string name;
 			try
 			{
-				extension = lower(entry->path().extension().string());
+				extension = ToLower(entry->path().extension().string());
 				if (extension != ".e3d" && extension != ".t3d")
 					continue;
 				name = std::filesystem::relative(entry->path(), "models", status).generic_string();
@@ -754,14 +749,14 @@ void editor_mode::render_sweep_ui()
 		changed = true;
 	ImGui::SetNextItemWidth(-1.0f);
 	ImGui::InputTextWithHint("##sweepsearch", STR_C("search the models"), tool.search, sizeof(tool.search));
-	std::string const text{lower(tool.search)};
+	std::string const text{ToLower(tool.search)};
 	if (false == text.empty())
 	{
 		ImGui::BeginChild("##sweepmodels", ImVec2(0.0f, ImGui::GetTextLineHeightWithSpacing() * 7.0f + 6.0f), true);
 		std::size_t listed{0};
 		for (auto const &model : tool.models)
 		{
-			if (lower(model).find(text) == std::string::npos)
+			if (ToLower(model).find(text) == std::string::npos)
 				continue;
 			if (++listed > kSweepModelList)
 				break;
@@ -775,7 +770,7 @@ void editor_mode::render_sweep_ui()
 	}
 	// a template takes its parameters, the ones which place it are zeros: it's laid out in its own space
 	std::string const model{tool.model};
-	bool const istemplate{model.size() > 4 && lower(model.substr(model.size() - 4)) == ".inc"};
+	bool const istemplate{model.size() > 4 && ToLower(model.substr(model.size() - 4)) == ".inc"};
 	if (istemplate && model != tool.parameters_for)
 	{
 		tool.parameters_for = model;
@@ -803,7 +798,7 @@ void editor_mode::render_sweep_ui()
 				auto const id{std::atoi(word.substr(open + 2, close - open - 2).c_str())};
 				if (id < 1 || id > count || false == tool.parameter_choices[id - 1].empty())
 					continue;
-				auto const prefix{lower(word.substr(0, open))};
+				auto const prefix{ToLower(word.substr(0, open))};
 				auto suffix{word.substr(close + 1)};
 				suffix = suffix.substr(0, suffix.find(':'));
 				auto const slash{prefix.rfind('/')};
@@ -816,13 +811,13 @@ void editor_mode::render_sweep_ui()
 					std::string stem;
 					try
 					{
-						stem = lower(entry->path().stem().string());
+						stem = ToLower(entry->path().stem().string());
 					}
 					catch (std::exception const &)
 					{
 						continue;
 					}
-					if (stem.size() > start.size() + suffix.size() && stem.compare(0, start.size(), start) == 0 && (suffix.empty() || stem.compare(stem.size() - suffix.size(), suffix.size(), lower(suffix)) == 0))
+					if (stem.size() > start.size() + suffix.size() && stem.compare(0, start.size(), start) == 0 && (suffix.empty() || stem.compare(stem.size() - suffix.size(), suffix.size(), ToLower(suffix)) == 0))
 						variants.insert(stem.substr(start.size(), stem.size() - start.size() - suffix.size()));
 				}
 				tool.parameter_choices[id - 1].assign(variants.begin(), variants.end());
@@ -1836,7 +1831,7 @@ void editor_mode::render_bend()
 			else
 			{
 				tool.track = std::clamp(tool.track, 0, static_cast<int>(tool.tracks.size()) - 1);
-				auto const label = [](std::pair<TTrack *, double> const &Entry) { return format("%s  (%.1f m)", Entry.first->name().empty() ? STR_C("(no name)") : Entry.first->name().c_str(), Entry.second); };
+				auto const label = [](std::pair<TTrack *, double> const &Entry) { return format("%s  (%.1f m)", name_of(*Entry.first).c_str(), Entry.second); };
 				if (begin_fields("##bendsource", 0.35f))
 				{
 					field_row("Track");
diff --git a/application/editormodeswitchslide.cpp b/application/editormodeswitchslide.cpp
index 63040584..d58b9b5b 100644
--- a/application/editormodeswitchslide.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodeswitchslide.cpp
@@ -43,11 +43,6 @@ struct switch_end_move
 	double shift{0.0};
 };
 
-std::string track_label(TTrack const &Track)
-{
-	return Track.name().empty() ? std::string{STR_C("(no name)")} : Track.name();
-}
-
 std::optional<std::vector<switch_end_move>> switch_end_moves(TTrack const &Track, segment_data const &Main, bool const Online, std::pair<double, double> const &Room, double const Offset, std::string &Status)
 {
 	auto const axis{editor_track::main_axis(Track)};
@@ -83,7 +78,7 @@ std::string switch_rejoin(TTrack &Track, std::vector<editor_track::joint> const
 		auto const shift{glm::distance(editor_track::point_position(Track, joint.own), editor_track::point_position(*joint.other, joint.theirs))};
 		if (shift > 0.3 * bezier{theirs}.plan_length())
 		{
-			loose += (loose.empty() ? "" : ", ") + track_label(*joint.other);
+			loose += (loose.empty() ? "" : ", ") + name_of(*joint.other);
 			continue;
 		}
 		following.push_back(joint);
@@ -579,7 +574,7 @@ std::string editor_mode::plan_switch_branches(TTrack const &Track, std::vector<e
 		std::string reason;
 		if (false == plan_switch_branch(Track.m_paths[joint.own.path], joint, *branch) || false == tracks_editable(branch->part.tracks, reason))
 		{
-			notes += (notes.empty() ? "" : "\n") + format(STR_C("The curve past the end of the switch can't keep to it, %s follows the switch on its own"), track_label(*joint.other).c_str());
+			notes += (notes.empty() ? "" : "\n") + format(STR_C("The curve past the end of the switch can't keep to it, %s follows the switch on its own"), name_of(*joint.other).c_str());
 			branch = Branches.erase(branch);
 			continue;
 		}
diff --git a/application/editormodetrack.cpp b/application/editormodetrack.cpp
index e9ada20f..45ba31c8 100644
--- a/application/editormodetrack.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodetrack.cpp
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ bool editor_mode::tracks_editable(std::vector<TTrack *> const &Tracks, std::stri
 		std::string reason;
 		if (track != nullptr && false == editor_track::can_edit_geometry(*track, reason))
 		{
-			Reason = (track->name().empty() ? std::string{STR_C("(no name)")} : track->name()) + ": " + reason;
+			Reason = name_of(*track) + ": " + reason;
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ void editor_mode::render_track_selection()
 	auto *track{tracks.front()};
 	if (false == sheet)
 	{
-		ImGui::TextUnformatted(track->name().empty() ? STR_C("(no name)") : track->name().c_str());
+		ImGui::TextUnformatted(name_of(*track).c_str());
 		ImGui::TextDisabled("%s, %.2f m", STR_C(type_name(*track)), track->Length());
 		return;
 	}
@@ -1743,7 +1743,7 @@ std::vector<editor_mode::key_hint> editor_mode::track_key_hints(bool const All)
 // values of the change in progress, shown next to the cursor
 std::string editor_mode::track_readout() const
 {
-	auto const name = [](TTrack const *Track) { return Track->name().empty() ? std::string{STR_C("(no name)")} : Track->name(); };
+	auto const name = [](TTrack const *Track) { return name_of(*Track); };
 	auto const azimuth = [](glm::dvec3 const &From, glm::dvec3 const &To) {
 		auto const degrees{glm::degrees(std::atan2(To.x - From.x, To.z - From.z))};
 		return degrees < 0.0 ? degrees + 360.0 : degrees;
diff --git a/application/editormodetrackprops.cpp b/application/editormodetrackprops.cpp
index 4d507023..8804e819 100644
--- a/application/editormodetrackprops.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodetrackprops.cpp
@@ -57,11 +57,6 @@ bool rail(TTrack const &Track)
 	return (Track.iCategoryFlag & 15) == kRailCategory && false == Track.m_editorremoved && Track.visible();
 }
 
-std::string name_of(TTrack const &Track)
-{
-	return Track.name().empty() ? std::string{STR_C("(no name)")} : Track.name();
-}
-
 char const *type_of(TTrack const &Track)
 {
 	switch (Track.eType)
diff --git a/application/editormodetrackux.cpp b/application/editormodetrackux.cpp
index 238b0cfe..3cb577f6 100644
--- a/application/editormodetrackux.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodetrackux.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #include "utilities/Globals.h"
 #include "rendering/renderer.h"
 #include "world/Track.h"
+#include "utilities/utilities.h"
 #include "scene/scene.h"
 #include "scene/scenelayers.h"
 #include "simulation/simulation.h"
@@ -61,17 +62,6 @@ bool rail(TTrack const &Track)
 	return (Track.iCategoryFlag & 15) == kRailCategory && false == Track.m_editorremoved && Track.visible();
 }
 
-std::string name_of(TTrack const &Track)
-{
-	return Track.name().empty() ? std::string{STR_C("(no name)")} : Track.name();
-}
-
-std::string lower(std::string Text)
-{
-	std::transform(Text.begin(), Text.end(), Text.begin(), [](unsigned char const Character) { return static_cast<char>(std::tolower(Character)); });
-	return Text;
-}
-
 char const *type_of(TTrack const &Track)
 {
 	switch (Track.eType)
@@ -843,7 +833,7 @@ void editor_mode::render_track_search()
 	}
 	ImGui::SetNextItemWidth(-1.0f);
 	ImGui::InputTextWithHint("##findtrack", STR_C("Find a track by its name (Ctrl+F)"), search.text, sizeof(search.text));
-	std::string const text{lower(search.text)};
+	std::string const text{ToLower(search.text)};
 	if (text.empty())
 	{
 		search.searched.clear();
@@ -857,7 +847,7 @@ void editor_mode::render_track_search()
 		search.total = 0;
 		for (auto *track : simulation::Paths.sequence())
 		{
-			if (track == nullptr || false == rail(*track) || lower(track->name()).find(text) == std::string::npos)
+			if (track == nullptr || false == rail(*track) || ToLower(track->name()).find(text) == std::string::npos)
 				continue;
 			++search.total;
 			if (search.found.size() < kSearchLimit)
diff --git a/application/editormodeturntable.cpp b/application/editormodeturntable.cpp
index 1cc35b63..47b719c5 100644
--- a/application/editormodeturntable.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodeturntable.cpp
@@ -77,19 +77,6 @@ double line_angle(double const Angle)
 	return result;
 }
 
-bool numeric(std::string const &Text, double &Value)
-{
-	char *end{nullptr};
-	Value = std::strtod(Text.c_str(), &end);
-	return false == Text.empty() && *end == '\0';
-}
-
-std::string normalized(std::string File)
-{
-	std::replace(File.begin(), File.end(), '\\', '/');
-	return ToLower(File);
-}
-
 std::vector<double> fixed_angles(std::string const &File)
 {
 	std::vector<double> result;
@@ -280,8 +267,8 @@ bool editor_mode::turntable_read(TTrack *Table)
 		auto const &included{scene::Layers.instance(handle)};
 		if (included.removed || included.dead || included.file == nullptr)
 			continue;
-		auto const file{normalized(*included.file)};
-		auto const kind{std::find_if(tool.templates.begin(), tool.templates.end(), [&](turntable_template const &Template) { return normalized(Template.file) == file; })};
+		auto const file{editor_includes::normalized(*included.file)};
+		auto const kind{std::find_if(tool.templates.begin(), tool.templates.end(), [&](turntable_template const &Template) { return editor_includes::normalized(Template.file) == file; })};
 		if (kind == tool.templates.end())
 			continue;
 		std::string target;
@@ -559,7 +546,7 @@ std::vector<scene::instance_handle> editor_mode::turntable_includes(TTrack const
 		auto const &included{scene::Layers.instance(handle)};
 		if (included.removed || included.dead || included.file == nullptr)
 			continue;
-		auto const kind{std::find_if(m_turntable.templates.begin(), m_turntable.templates.end(), [&](turntable_template const &Template) { return normalized(Template.file) == normalized(*included.file); })};
+		auto const kind{std::find_if(m_turntable.templates.begin(), m_turntable.templates.end(), [&](turntable_template const &Template) { return editor_includes::normalized(Template.file) == editor_includes::normalized(*included.file); })};
 		std::string target;
 		std::vector<std::string> values;
 		if (kind != m_turntable.templates.end() && editor_includes::parse_directive(scene::Layers.directive(handle), target, values) && kind->track <= static_cast<int>(values.size()) && ToLower(values[kind->track - 1]) == Table.name())
@@ -959,7 +946,7 @@ void editor_mode::render_turntable_ui()
 				else
 					ImGui::TextDisabled("  -  ");
 				ImGui::SameLine();
-				auto const name{fit.end.track->name().empty() ? std::string{STR_C("(no name)")} : fit.end.track->name()};
+				auto const name{name_of(*fit.end.track)};
 				if (ImGui::Selectable(name.c_str(), false, ImGuiSelectableFlags_None, ImVec2(ImGui::CalcTextSize(name.c_str()).x, 0.f)))
 					focus_track(*fit.end.track, fit.end.point.path, fit.end.position);
 				if (ImGui::IsItemHovered())
@@ -1158,7 +1145,7 @@ bool editor_mode::turntable_controls(std::vector<std::string> &Rootstatements)
 			auto const &included{scene::Layers.instance(handle)};
 			if (included.removed || included.dead || included.file == nullptr)
 				continue;
-			auto const kind{std::find_if(m_turntable.templates.begin(), m_turntable.templates.end(), [&](turntable_template const &Template) { return normalized(Template.file) == normalized(*included.file); })};
+			auto const kind{std::find_if(m_turntable.templates.begin(), m_turntable.templates.end(), [&](turntable_template const &Template) { return editor_includes::normalized(Template.file) == editor_includes::normalized(*included.file); })};
 			if (kind == m_turntable.templates.end() || kind->angles == 0)
 				continue;
 			std::string target;
diff --git a/application/editormodevehicle.cpp b/application/editormodevehicle.cpp
index e83353f2..1a640076 100644
--- a/application/editormodevehicle.cpp
+++ b/application/editormodevehicle.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #include "simulation/simulation.h"
 #include "utilities/Globals.h"
 #include "utilities/Logs.h"
+#include "utilities/utilities.h"
 #include "vehicle/DynObj.h"
 #include "world/Track.h"
 
@@ -37,12 +38,6 @@ using geometry::bezier;
 std::size_t const kVehicleList{300};
 double const kHalfVehicle{8.0}; // m, the vehicle is placed about centred on the point
 
-std::string lower(std::string Text)
-{
-	std::transform(Text.begin(), Text.end(), Text.begin(), [](unsigned char const Character) { return static_cast<char>(std::tolower(Character)); });
-	return Text;
-}
-
 std::string skin_name(ui::skin_set const &Skin)
 {
 	return Skin.meta != nullptr && false == Skin.meta->name.empty() ? Skin.meta->name : Skin.skin;
@@ -191,7 +186,7 @@ bool vehicle_tool::place()
 		std::string name;
 		for (int index = 1; index < 10000; ++index)
 		{
-			name = lower("editor_" + stem + "_" + std::to_string(index));
+			name = ToLower("editor_" + stem + "_" + std::to_string(index));
 			if (simulation::Vehicles.find(name) == nullptr && std::find(names.begin(), names.end(), name) == names.end())
 				break;
 		}
@@ -210,7 +205,7 @@ bool vehicle_tool::place()
 	}
 	tool.placed = head;
 	m_guide.first_step_done(editor_first_step::drive);
-	auto const trackname{tool.track->name().empty() ? std::string{STR("(no name)")} : tool.track->name()};
+	auto const trackname{name_of(*tool.track)};
 	auto const behind{static_cast<int>(vehicles.size()) - 1};
 	tool.status = behind > 0 ? format(STR_P("%s and %d vehicle behind it stand on %s", "%s and %d vehicles behind it stand on %s", behind), head.c_str(), behind, trackname.c_str()) : format(STR_C("%s stands on %s"), head.c_str(), trackname.c_str());
 	if (tool.write && tool.track->name().empty())
@@ -259,7 +254,7 @@ void vehicle_tool::render_options()
 	ImGui::SetNextItemWidth(-1.0f);
 	ImGui::InputTextWithHint("##vehiclesearch", STR_C("search: name, series, skin"), tool.search, sizeof(tool.search));
 	ImGui::Checkbox(STR_C("Only the ones with a cab"), &tool.controllable_only);
-	std::string const text{lower(tool.search)};
+	std::string const text{ToLower(tool.search)};
 	std::vector<std::pair<std::shared_ptr<ui::vehicle_desc>, std::shared_ptr<ui::skin_set>>> listed;
 	std::size_t total{0};
 	for (auto const &[path, vehicle] : tool.bank->vehicles)
@@ -270,7 +265,7 @@ void vehicle_tool::render_options()
 		{
 			if (skin == nullptr)
 				continue;
-			if (false == text.empty() && lower(skin_label(*vehicle, *skin)).find(text) == std::string::npos && (skin->meta == nullptr || skin->meta->search_lowered.find(text) == std::string::npos))
+			if (false == text.empty() && ToLower(skin_label(*vehicle, *skin)).find(text) == std::string::npos && (skin->meta == nullptr || skin->meta->search_lowered.find(text) == std::string::npos))
 				continue;
 			++total;
 			if (listed.size() < kVehicleList)
@@ -426,13 +421,10 @@ void vehicle_tool::render_options()
 	if (false == tool.consist.empty() || (tool.vehicle != nullptr && tool.skin != nullptr))
 	{
 		auto const half{std::floor((ImGui::GetContentRegionAvail().x - ImGui::GetStyle().ItemSpacing.x) * 0.5f)};
-		auto const tall{std::round(ImGui::GetFrameHeight() * 1.3f)};
-		ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_Button, ImVec4(0.2f, 0.55f, 0.25f, 1.0f));
-		ImGui::PushStyleColor(ImGuiCol_ButtonHovered, ImVec4(0.25f, 0.65f, 0.3f, 1.0f));
-		if (ImGui::Button(STR_C("Place"), ImVec2(half, tall)))
+		auto const tall{tall_button_height()};
+		if (main_button(STR_C("Place"), ImVec2(half, tall)))
 			place();
 		item_tooltip("A trainset on the track, placed where the track was clicked, or in the middle of the path");
-		ImGui::PopStyleColor(2);
 		ImGui::SameLine();
 		if (ImGui::Button(STR_C("Place and drive"), ImVec2(-1.0f, tall)) && place())
 		{
diff --git a/application/editortool.h b/application/editortool.h
index 19e301bf..f93503f8 100644
--- a/application/editortool.h
+++ b/application/editortool.h
@@ -84,6 +84,19 @@ struct nmt_place
 	bool shapes{true}; // not a bridge nor a tunnel
 };
 
+inline std::map<std::string, std::string> selftest_values(std::istringstream &Words)
+{
+	std::map<std::string, std::string> values;
+	std::string pair;
+	while (Words >> pair)
+	{
+		auto const equals{pair.find('=')};
+		if (equals != std::string::npos)
+			values[pair.substr(0, equals)] = pair.substr(equals + 1);
+	}
+	return values;
+}
+
 class editor_selection
 {
   public:
diff --git a/editor/editorFormat.hpp b/editor/editorFormat.hpp
index e22a9745..0b0940ee 100644
--- a/editor/editorFormat.hpp
+++ b/editor/editorFormat.hpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 #pragma once
 
 #include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
 #include <string>
 
 // printf-style formatting into a string, for the messages and the data lines of the editor
@@ -24,3 +25,10 @@ std::string format(char const *Format, Args... Arguments)
 	text.resize(static_cast<std::size_t>(length));
 	return text;
 }
+
+inline bool numeric(std::string const &Text, double &Value)
+{
+	char *end{nullptr};
+	Value = std::strtod(Text.c_str(), &end);
+	return false == Text.empty() && *end == '\0';
+}
diff --git a/editor/editorGeometry.hpp b/editor/editorGeometry.hpp
index a9ec6667..6c2e6365 100644
--- a/editor/editorGeometry.hpp
+++ b/editor/editorGeometry.hpp
@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ inline double plan_distance(glm::dvec3 const &A, glm::dvec3 const &B)
 }
 
 // z component of the 3d cross product; for a unit Direction it's the offset of the Point to its left
+inline double heading_of(glm::dvec2 const &Direction)
+{
+	auto const degrees{glm::degrees(std::atan2(Direction.x, Direction.y))};
+	return degrees < 0.0 ? degrees + 360.0 : degrees;
+}
+
 inline double cross(glm::dvec2 const &Direction, glm::dvec2 const &Point)
 {
 	return Direction.x * Point.y - Direction.y * Point.x;
diff --git a/editor/editorIncludeInfo.cpp b/editor/editorIncludeInfo.cpp
index 45129f57..55b7cd4f 100644
--- a/editor/editorIncludeInfo.cpp
+++ b/editor/editorIncludeInfo.cpp
@@ -590,6 +590,12 @@ bool complete(include_info const &Info, int const Parameters, std::string *Issue
 	return issue.empty();
 }
 
+std::string normalized(std::string File)
+{
+	std::replace(File.begin(), File.end(), '\\', '/');
+	return ToLower(File);
+}
+
 std::string number(double const Value)
 {
 	std::ostringstream converter;
diff --git a/editor/editorIncludeInfo.hpp b/editor/editorIncludeInfo.hpp
index 0f78cd76..4b70de17 100644
--- a/editor/editorIncludeInfo.hpp
+++ b/editor/editorIncludeInfo.hpp
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ bool parse_directive(std::string const &Directive, std::string &File, std::vecto
 std::string compose_directive(std::string const &File, std::vector<std::string> const &Values);
 // text of a number passed as a parameter value
 std::string number(double Value);
+std::string normalized(std::string File);
 // number of the parameter with specified role, 0 if the description has none
 int parameter_with_role(include_info const &Info, std::string const &Role);