mirror of
https://github.com/MaSzyna-EU07/maszyna.git
synced 2026-10-17 14:29:20 +02:00
37ab4a35b3
Tiles drawn at the same level met exactly, but a finer tile beside a coarser one has samples on their shared edge that the coarser one skips, and the ground between them could open up. This closes the gap the standard way (CDLOD): each vertex slides towards the next coarser level as its distance nears the end of its level's range, so that by the end of the band a tile is, vertex for vertex, the coarser tile beyond it. Levels also stop popping when they change. The mip chain is point sampled, so the next level's grid is this level's even samples. An odd vertex slides onto its even neighbour and takes its height, and the grid, whose diagonals all run the same way at every level, collapses exactly into the coarser triangulation. No second texture and no neighbour information is needed; the morph is computed per vertex from its distance to the camera, the same distance the level is chosen by. Two things the geometry demands, both settled by tools/terraincook/seamcheck.py, which walks random camera positions over 128 m, 256 m and 12.8 km tiles and counts every edge vertex where the finer side has not finished morphing or the coarser side has started: - the band ends a rescan's worth of travel (a quarter tile) short of the level's range. Levels are chosen where the camera stood at the last rescan, the morph follows it every frame, and a band ending at the range itself left gaps at every level boundary; - the band is a fifth of the range wide, and level ranges are counted in tiles (four for the finest level) rather than fixed metres, which keeps the coarser tile's band clear of any edge a finer tile reaches, whatever the tile size. The script finds no gap with these values. In the game on baltyk, a low view differs from the unmorphed shader only in a strip of distant ground at the horizon, and nearer than the first band the picture is identical. The cooker's comment claimed tile seams were identical at every level; that held only for neighbours at the same level, and now says so.
531 lines
21 KiB
C++
531 lines
21 KiB
C++
/*
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This Source Code Form is subject to the
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terms of the Mozilla Public License, v.
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2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not
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distributed with this file, You can
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obtain one at
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http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
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*/
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module;
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#include <algorithm>
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#include <cmath>
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#include <array>
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#include <cstdint>
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#include <functional>
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#include <memory>
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#include <optional>
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#include <string>
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#include <unordered_map>
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#include <vector>
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#include "glad/glad.h"
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#include "scene/heightfieldformat.h"
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#include "global_include/interfaces/ITexture_macros.h"
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#include "scene/heightfieldreader.h"
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module eu07.rendering.terrainclipmap;
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import eu07.glm;
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import eu07.utilities.logs;
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import eu07.rendering.renderer;
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import eu07.model.material;
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namespace {
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// NOTE: glTexImage2D rather than glTexStorage2D. Immutable storage arrives with OpenGL
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// 4.2 and this renderer holds a 3.3 context, where the entry point is simply not there -
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// calling it jumps through a null pointer instead of failing in any visible way
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GLuint
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create_texture( GLenum const Internalformat, GLenum const Type, GLsizei const Side, void const *Data ) {
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GLuint texture { 0 };
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::glGenTextures( 1, &texture );
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::glBindTexture( GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture );
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// integer samples carry the cooker's values, no-data included, so nothing may filter them
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::glTexParameteri( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST );
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::glTexParameteri( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST );
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::glTexParameteri( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE );
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::glTexParameteri( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE );
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::glTexImage2D( GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, Internalformat, Side, Side, 0, GL_RED_INTEGER, Type, Data );
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return texture;
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}
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} // namespace
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terrain_clipmap::~terrain_clipmap() {
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close();
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}
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bool
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terrain_clipmap::open( std::string const &Path ) {
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close();
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if( ( false == m_reader.open( Path ) )
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|| ( false == m_loader.open( Path ) ) ) {
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ErrorLog( "Terrain: cannot open heightfield \"" + Path + "\"" );
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close();
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return false;
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}
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m_path = Path;
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build_indices();
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build_palette();
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resolve_materials();
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try {
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gl::shader vertex( "terrainclipmap.vert" );
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gl::shader fragment( "terrainclipmap.frag" );
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m_shader.emplace( std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<gl::shader const>>( { vertex, fragment } ) );
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}
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catch( gl::shader_exception const &error ) {
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ErrorLog( std::string( "Terrain: shader failed, " ) + error.what() );
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close();
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return false;
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}
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m_vao.emplace();
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resolve_uniforms();
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m_ready = true;
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WriteLog(
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"Terrain: " + Path + ", " + std::to_string( m_reader.tiles().size() ) + " tiles, "
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+ std::to_string( m_reader.levels() ) + " levels, grid "
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+ std::to_string( m_reader.gridstep() ) + " m, tile " + std::to_string( m_reader.tilesize() ) + " m" );
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return true;
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}
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// uniform locations do not change once the program is linked, so they are looked up
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// here rather than per tile per frame
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void
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terrain_clipmap::resolve_uniforms() {
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auto const program { static_cast<GLuint>( *m_shader ) };
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m_uniforms.tileorigin = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "tileorigin" );
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m_uniforms.samplestep = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "samplestep" );
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m_uniforms.heightbias = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "heightbias" );
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m_uniforms.heightscale = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "heightscale" );
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m_uniforms.nodata = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "nodata" );
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m_uniforms.side = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "side" );
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m_uniforms.morph = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "morph" );
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m_uniforms.heights = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "heights" );
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m_uniforms.materials = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "materials" );
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m_uniforms.palette = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "palette" );
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m_uniforms.groundtexture = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "ground" );
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m_uniforms.groundscale = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "groundscale" );
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m_uniforms.drawnmaterial = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "drawnmaterial" );
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m_uniforms.tileworld = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "tileworld" );
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m_uniforms.hastexture = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "hastexture" );
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m_uniforms.fallback = ::glGetUniformLocation( program, "fallback" );
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}
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void
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terrain_clipmap::close() {
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// the loader first, so nothing arrives for tiles that are being torn down
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m_loader.close();
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m_wanted.clear();
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m_arrived.clear();
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m_inrange.clear();
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m_wantedlevel.clear();
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m_scanrange = -1.f;
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for( auto & [ tilekey, tile ] : m_tiles ) { retire( tile ); }
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m_tiles.clear();
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m_indices.clear();
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m_indexcounts.clear();
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m_vao.reset();
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m_shader.reset();
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m_palette.clear();
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m_reader.close();
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m_stats = {};
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m_ready = false;
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}
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// index buffers, one per mip level. the grid they describe is the same shape at every
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// level, only smaller, and the vertices themselves never exist in memory: the shader
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// derives a sample's row and column from gl_VertexID
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void
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terrain_clipmap::build_indices() {
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m_indices.resize( m_reader.levels() );
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m_indexcounts.resize( m_reader.levels() );
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std::vector<std::uint32_t> indices;
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for( std::uint32_t level = 0; level < m_reader.levels(); ++level ) {
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auto const side { m_reader.samples_per_side( level ) };
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indices.clear();
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indices.reserve( static_cast<std::size_t>( side - 1 ) * ( side - 1 ) * 6 );
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for( std::uint32_t row = 0; row + 1 < side; ++row ) {
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for( std::uint32_t column = 0; column + 1 < side; ++column ) {
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auto const topleft { row * side + column };
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auto const topright { topleft + 1 };
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auto const bottomleft { topleft + side };
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auto const bottomright { bottomleft + 1 };
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indices.push_back( topleft ); indices.push_back( bottomleft ); indices.push_back( topright );
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indices.push_back( topright ); indices.push_back( bottomleft ); indices.push_back( bottomright );
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}
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}
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m_indexcounts[ level ] = static_cast<std::uint32_t>( indices.size() );
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m_indices[ level ] = std::make_unique<gl::buffer>();
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m_indices[ level ]->allocate(
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gl::buffer::ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices.size() * sizeof( std::uint32_t ), GL_STATIC_DRAW );
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m_indices[ level ]->upload(
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gl::buffer::ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices.data(), 0, indices.size() * sizeof( std::uint32_t ) );
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}
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}
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// placeholder colours, one per cooked material, so that the shape of the terrain and the
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// division into surfaces can be judged before the real materials are wired in
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void
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terrain_clipmap::build_palette() {
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m_palette.clear();
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m_palette.reserve( std::max<std::size_t>( 1, m_reader.materials().size() ) );
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for( std::size_t index = 0; index < m_reader.materials().size(); ++index ) {
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auto const hue { static_cast<float>( index ) * 0.61803399f };
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auto const phase { ( hue - std::floor( hue ) ) * 6.f };
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auto const rising { phase - std::floor( phase ) };
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glm::vec3 colour { 0.45f, 0.5f, 0.4f };
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switch( static_cast<int>( phase ) ) {
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case 0: colour = { 0.55f, 0.45f + 0.2f * rising, 0.3f }; break;
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case 1: colour = { 0.55f - 0.2f * rising, 0.6f, 0.3f }; break;
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case 2: colour = { 0.35f, 0.6f, 0.3f + 0.2f * rising }; break;
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case 3: colour = { 0.35f, 0.6f - 0.15f * rising, 0.5f }; break;
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case 4: colour = { 0.35f + 0.2f * rising, 0.45f, 0.5f }; break;
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default: colour = { 0.55f, 0.45f, 0.5f - 0.15f * rising }; break;
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}
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m_palette.push_back( colour );
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}
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if( true == m_palette.empty() ) { m_palette.push_back( { 0.45f, 0.5f, 0.4f } ); }
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}
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std::uint32_t
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terrain_clipmap::level_for( double const Distance ) const {
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auto const finest { terrain_level_distance( 0, m_reader.tilesize() ) };
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if( Distance <= finest ) { return 0; }
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auto const steps { static_cast<std::uint32_t>( std::log2( Distance / finest ) ) + 1 };
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return std::min( steps, m_reader.levels() - 1 );
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}
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void
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terrain_clipmap::upload( terrain_tile_loader::payload const &Tile ) {
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auto const tilekey { key( Tile.tile.x, Tile.tile.z ) };
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auto const side { m_reader.samples_per_side( Tile.tile.level ) };
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auto const existing { m_tiles.find( tilekey ) };
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if( existing != m_tiles.end() ) {
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// a level change means new textures: the sample count differs
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retire( existing->second );
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m_tiles.erase( existing );
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}
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resident_tile tile;
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tile.x = Tile.tile.x;
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tile.z = Tile.tile.z;
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tile.level = Tile.tile.level;
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tile.side = side;
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tile.lastused = m_frame;
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tile.heighttexture = create_texture(
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GL_R16UI, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, static_cast<GLsizei>( side ), Tile.heights.data() );
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tile.materialtexture = create_texture(
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GL_R8UI, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, static_cast<GLsizei>( side ), Tile.materials.data() );
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// the tile is drawn once per material it contains, so the set is worked out here
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// rather than rescanned every frame
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std::array<bool, 256> present {};
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for( auto const material : Tile.materials ) { present[ material ] = true; }
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for( std::size_t material = 0; material < present.size(); ++material ) {
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if( true == present[ material ] ) { tile.materials.push_back( static_cast<std::uint8_t>( material ) ); }
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}
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if( auto const *description { m_reader.find( Tile.tile.x, Tile.tile.z ) } ) {
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tile.minheight = description->minheight;
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tile.maxheight = description->maxheight;
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}
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m_stats.texturebytes += static_cast<std::size_t>( side ) * side * 3u;
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++m_stats.uploaded;
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m_tiles.emplace( tilekey, std::move( tile ) );
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}
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void
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terrain_clipmap::retire( resident_tile &Tile ) {
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if( Tile.heighttexture != 0 ) { ::glDeleteTextures( 1, &Tile.heighttexture ); Tile.heighttexture = 0; }
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if( Tile.materialtexture != 0 ) { ::glDeleteTextures( 1, &Tile.materialtexture ); Tile.materialtexture = 0; }
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auto const bytes { static_cast<std::size_t>( Tile.side ) * Tile.side * 3u };
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m_stats.texturebytes -= std::min( m_stats.texturebytes, bytes );
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}
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void
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terrain_clipmap::scan( glm::dvec3 const &Viewpoint ) {
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m_scanpoint = Viewpoint;
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m_scanrange = m_range;
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m_inrange.clear();
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m_wantedlevel.clear();
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auto const tilesize { static_cast<double>( m_reader.tilesize() ) };
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auto const reach { std::max( 1, static_cast<std::int32_t>( m_range / tilesize ) + 1 ) };
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auto const centrex { m_reader.tile_x( Viewpoint.x ) };
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auto const centrez { m_reader.tile_z( Viewpoint.z ) };
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std::vector<std::pair<double, terrain_tile_loader::request>> wishes;
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for( std::int32_t z = centrez - reach; z <= centrez + reach; ++z ) {
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for( std::int32_t x = centrex - reach; x <= centrex + reach; ++x ) {
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if( false == m_reader.contains( x, z ) ) { continue; }
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// distance to the nearest point of the tile, not to its centre. a regional
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// field has tiles kilometres across, and a tile the camera is standing on
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// can have its centre far outside the draw range
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auto const west { x * tilesize };
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auto const north { z * tilesize };
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auto const nearestx { std::clamp( Viewpoint.x, west, west + tilesize ) };
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auto const nearestz { std::clamp( Viewpoint.z, north, north + tilesize ) };
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auto const distance {
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glm::length( glm::dvec2 { nearestx - Viewpoint.x, nearestz - Viewpoint.z } ) };
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if( distance > m_range ) { continue; }
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auto const tilekey { key( x, z ) };
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auto const level { level_for( distance ) };
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m_inrange.push_back( { tilekey, level } );
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m_wantedlevel.emplace( tilekey, level );
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auto const resident { m_tiles.find( tilekey ) };
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if( ( resident == m_tiles.end() ) || ( resident->second.level != level ) ) {
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wishes.push_back( { distance, { x, z, level } } );
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}
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}
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}
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// nearest first, so the ground under the camera is never waiting behind the horizon
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std::sort( wishes.begin(), wishes.end(),
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[]( auto const &Left, auto const &Right ) { return Left.first < Right.first; } );
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m_wanted.clear();
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for( auto const &wish : wishes ) { m_wanted.push_back( wish.second ); }
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m_loader.want( m_wanted );
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}
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void
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terrain_clipmap::update( glm::dvec3 const &Viewpoint ) {
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if( false == m_ready ) { return; }
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++m_frame;
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auto const moved {
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glm::length( glm::dvec2 { Viewpoint.x - m_scanpoint.x, Viewpoint.z - m_scanpoint.z } ) };
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if( ( m_range != m_scanrange )
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|| ( moved > m_reader.tilesize() * terrain_rescan_tiles ) ) {
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scan( Viewpoint );
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}
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// the tiles in range are touched every frame, which is what render() draws and what
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// eviction spares
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m_stats.inview = 0;
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m_stats.wanted = 0;
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m_stats.perlevel.fill( 0 );
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for( auto const &tile : m_inrange ) {
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auto const resident { m_tiles.find( tile.key ) };
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if( resident == m_tiles.end() ) {
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++m_stats.wanted;
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continue;
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}
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// still wanted, at whatever level it has until the right one arrives
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resident->second.lastused = m_frame;
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++m_stats.inview;
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++m_stats.perlevel[ std::min<std::size_t>( resident->second.level, m_stats.perlevel.size() - 1 ) ];
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if( resident->second.level != tile.level ) { ++m_stats.wanted; }
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}
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m_arrived.clear();
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m_loader.collect( m_arrived, m_uploadsperframe );
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for( auto const &tile : m_arrived ) {
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if( false == tile.valid ) { continue; }
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// a tile read for where the camera was is put up only if nothing of it is on the gpu
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// yet - some level is better than a hole. otherwise it is dropped, and the level
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// wanted now is already queued
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auto const tilekey { key( tile.tile.x, tile.tile.z ) };
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auto const wanted { m_wantedlevel.find( tilekey ) };
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auto const stillwanted { ( wanted != m_wantedlevel.end() ) && ( wanted->second == tile.tile.level ) };
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if( stillwanted || ( false == m_tiles.contains( tilekey ) ) ) {
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upload( tile );
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// put up this frame, so drawn this frame
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m_tiles.find( tilekey )->second.lastused = m_frame;
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}
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else {
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++m_stats.dropped;
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}
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}
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if( ( m_tiles.size() > m_budget ) && ( m_tiles.size() > m_stats.inview ) ) {
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// over budget, and not everything is in view: drop whatever has gone longest without
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// being asked for
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std::vector<std::pair<std::uint64_t, std::int64_t>> aged;
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for( auto const & [ tilekey, tile ] : m_tiles ) {
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if( tile.lastused != m_frame ) { aged.emplace_back( tile.lastused, tilekey ); }
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}
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auto const excess { std::min( aged.size(), m_tiles.size() - m_budget ) };
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std::partial_sort( aged.begin(), aged.begin() + excess, aged.end() );
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for( std::size_t index = 0; index < excess; ++index ) {
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auto const victim { m_tiles.find( aged[ index ].second ) };
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retire( victim->second );
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m_tiles.erase( victim );
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}
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}
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m_stats.resident = m_tiles.size();
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report_residency();
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}
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// the cooked material names are the ones the scenery used, so the engine resolves them
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// exactly as it does for any other geometry. only the diffuse texture is taken: the
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// terrain has its own shader and none of the rest of a material applies to it
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void
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terrain_clipmap::resolve_materials() {
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m_materials.clear();
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auto const &names { m_reader.materials() };
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auto const &scales { m_reader.material_scales() };
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m_materials.reserve( names.size() );
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std::size_t resolved { 0 };
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std::string unresolved;
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for( std::size_t index = 0; index < names.size(); ++index ) {
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material_binding binding;
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binding.scale = ( index < scales.size() ? scales[ index ] : 4.f );
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if( binding.scale < 0.01f ) { binding.scale = 4.f; }
|
|
|
|
auto const material { GfxRenderer->Fetch_Material( names[ index ] ) };
|
|
if( material != null_handle ) {
|
|
binding.texture = GfxRenderer->Material( material )->GetTexture( 0 );
|
|
}
|
|
if( binding.texture != null_handle ) {
|
|
++resolved;
|
|
}
|
|
else {
|
|
// drawn in its placeholder colour instead, so a missing texture shows up as
|
|
// an obvious flat patch rather than as black ground
|
|
unresolved += ( unresolved.empty() ? "" : ", " ) + names[ index ];
|
|
}
|
|
m_materials.push_back( binding );
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
WriteLog(
|
|
"Terrain: " + std::to_string( resolved ) + " of " + std::to_string( names.size() )
|
|
+ " materials resolved to textures" );
|
|
if( false == unresolved.empty() ) {
|
|
WriteLog( "Terrain: no texture for " + unresolved );
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// residency settles within a second of the camera stopping and then barely moves, so a
|
|
// line is written when it shifts by a noticeable amount rather than every frame. that
|
|
// makes the warm figure - what the terrain actually costs - readable from the log
|
|
void
|
|
terrain_clipmap::report_residency() {
|
|
|
|
auto const difference {
|
|
m_stats.resident > m_reportedresidency ?
|
|
m_stats.resident - m_reportedresidency :
|
|
m_reportedresidency - m_stats.resident };
|
|
if( ( m_reported == true ) && ( difference < 16 ) ) { return; }
|
|
|
|
m_reported = true;
|
|
m_reportedresidency = m_stats.resident;
|
|
WriteLog(
|
|
"Terrain: " + std::to_string( m_stats.resident ) + " tiles resident, "
|
|
+ std::to_string( m_stats.texturebytes / 1048576 ) + " MB of samples, "
|
|
+ std::to_string( m_stats.uploaded ) + " uploads so far" );
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
void
|
|
terrain_clipmap::render( glm::dvec3 const &Viewpoint ) {
|
|
|
|
if( ( false == m_ready ) || ( true == m_tiles.empty() ) ) { return; }
|
|
|
|
m_shader->bind();
|
|
m_vao->bind();
|
|
|
|
::glUniform1f( m_uniforms.heightbias, m_reader.height( 0 ) );
|
|
::glUniform1f( m_uniforms.heightscale, m_reader.height( 1 ) - m_reader.height( 0 ) );
|
|
::glUniform1ui( m_uniforms.nodata, heightfield::nodata );
|
|
::glUniform1i( m_uniforms.heights, 0 );
|
|
::glUniform1i( m_uniforms.materials, 1 );
|
|
::glUniform1i( m_uniforms.groundtexture, 2 );
|
|
::glUniform3fv(
|
|
m_uniforms.palette, static_cast<GLsizei>( m_palette.size() ), &m_palette.front().x );
|
|
|
|
auto const tilesize { static_cast<double>( m_reader.tilesize() ) };
|
|
auto const gridstep { m_reader.gridstep() };
|
|
|
|
for( auto const & [ tilekey, tile ] : m_tiles ) {
|
|
|
|
if( tile.lastused != m_frame ) { continue; }
|
|
|
|
// tile position relative to the viewpoint, so that the shader never sees a
|
|
// coordinate large enough for single precision to matter
|
|
glm::vec3 const origin {
|
|
static_cast<float>( tile.x * tilesize - Viewpoint.x ),
|
|
static_cast<float>( -Viewpoint.y ) - m_depthbias,
|
|
static_cast<float>( tile.z * tilesize - Viewpoint.z ) };
|
|
::glUniform3fv( m_uniforms.tileorigin, 1, &origin.x );
|
|
::glUniform1f( m_uniforms.samplestep, gridstep * static_cast<float>( 1u << tile.level ) );
|
|
::glUniform1i( m_uniforms.side, static_cast<GLint>( tile.side ) );
|
|
// the band over which this level turns into the next. the coarsest level has no
|
|
// next one, so it never morphs
|
|
if( tile.level + 1 < m_reader.levels() ) {
|
|
::glUniform2f(
|
|
m_uniforms.morph,
|
|
static_cast<float>( terrain_morph_begin( tile.level, tilesize ) ),
|
|
static_cast<float>( terrain_morph_end( tile.level, tilesize ) ) );
|
|
}
|
|
else {
|
|
// far enough to never be reached, with a band that does not divide by zero
|
|
::glUniform2f( m_uniforms.morph, 1e30f, 2e30f );
|
|
}
|
|
::glUniform2f(
|
|
m_uniforms.tileworld,
|
|
static_cast<float>( tile.x * tilesize ), static_cast<float>( tile.z * tilesize ) );
|
|
|
|
::glActiveTexture( GL_TEXTURE0 );
|
|
::glBindTexture( GL_TEXTURE_2D, tile.heighttexture );
|
|
::glActiveTexture( GL_TEXTURE1 );
|
|
::glBindTexture( GL_TEXTURE_2D, tile.materialtexture );
|
|
|
|
m_indices[ tile.level ]->bind( gl::buffer::ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER );
|
|
|
|
// one pass per material in the tile: each wants a different texture bound, and
|
|
// a fragment belonging to any other material is dropped
|
|
for( auto const material : tile.materials ) {
|
|
|
|
auto const &binding {
|
|
material < m_materials.size() ? m_materials[ material ] : material_binding {} };
|
|
GfxRenderer->Bind_Texture( 2, binding.texture );
|
|
::glUniform1f( m_uniforms.groundscale, binding.scale );
|
|
::glUniform1ui( m_uniforms.drawnmaterial, material );
|
|
::glUniform1i( m_uniforms.hastexture, binding.texture != null_handle ? 1 : 0 );
|
|
auto const &fallback {
|
|
m_palette[ std::min<std::size_t>( material, m_palette.size() - 1 ) ] };
|
|
::glUniform3fv( m_uniforms.fallback, 1, &fallback.x );
|
|
|
|
::glDrawElements(
|
|
GL_TRIANGLES, static_cast<GLsizei>( m_indexcounts[ tile.level ] ), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, nullptr );
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
::glActiveTexture( GL_TEXTURE0 );
|
|
m_vao->unbind();
|
|
gl::program::bind( 0 );
|
|
}
|